A Short Story Essay

During Maytag’s final surrender to Whirlpool, appliance parts are now in surplus. As a result, the warehouse has been shipped an overabundance of parts. The likes of which we rarely see. Because the market has gone down in flames, the demand for appliance parts is sky-high. Thus we have a beautiful supply and demand ratio between our suppliers and our customers. Since no one has the capital to go out and purchase a brand new washing machine or refrigerator, in spite of Obama’s Energy Star credit stimulus, more and more appliances are being serviced. This allows servicers to keep in business and increase profits. Their increase in business requires that they purchase more parts from us, of which we are consistently replenishing due to the business deals made by our suppliers. Thus the servicer is never thrown into hysteria over a lack of parts. Thus we keep in business. Thus we keep our jobs. We even manage to allocate overtime on occasion. I know all this because the warehouse hides nothing from me. The warehouse needs me. The warehouse is me. Or else I’d like to think. By the end of the shift we are all manifesting the last of the packages that are to be shipped out via UPS and FedEx. The trailers are closed. The semis drive off. The workers go home. I stay to close shop. I print the manifest reports and shut down the computers. I record our shipping quantities and turn out the lights. The doors are locked, the security enabled. I shut the last door before I stroll to the bus stop. The driver sees my monthly pass purchased online at the warehouse’s very own computer, addressed to my own PO box. The driver lets me on. There are a couple of folks onboard. One works at Chili Works not too far from the warehouse. The other is a Wal-Mart employee. We are all considered workers of the underclass. The only difference is that I have approximately ten grand in my savings. Most people are ten grand in dept. Of course, not too many take microeconomics as seriously either. When my girlfriend cheated on me and insurrected herself from our apartment, I decided to take control of my cash. I realized that I was spending nearly six thousand dollars a year in rent money. When the lease was up, I took the capital gained from the security deposit, including the five dollar interest they were required to give, and invested in a bicycle. Of course, I invested in the bicycle after I totaled my Pontiac grand prix. I did this because for the next year I would have to spend three thousand dollars in car payments and two-thousand dollars in gasoline. The insurance forked me four grand. At this point I was a bit of an alcoholic anyway so I decided that the car was an opportunity cost. If I wanted to continue to go to the bars each night and have my juicy burger and tray full of cigarette butts, I would need to sacrifice the Pontiac. This capital was generally inadequate when compared to my personal entrepreneurship. My taverns, my coffee and reading clubs, my model-crafting. I’m getting to the point at which I can sell World War II naval ship recreations for a profit. No one would know my storage cell housed the Battle of Midway. Then there are my books that I buy and sell later to used book stores. It may be cheaper to go to a library, but the city doesn’t give cards to homeless folk. Still, I manage. The only real resources I depend on is my own personal entrepreneurship, my labor, and the permanence of the land. The capital built up over the years is strictly a luxury. Since my supply of bar beverages is at a constant growth, the supply of such beverages usually comes at a low cost. More and more I see laid off engineers and factory machinists come night after night, drowning their miseries away. Winter approaches, so the construction jockeys are hitting Bourbon Street like an army from hell. Meanwhile, the bars are ordering more and more of their stock. More than probably necessary, as I feel they have built a surplus. Everyday I see trucks stocked with Miller products and Coors make dock. By Tuesday night the bartenders are giving drinks away, they have so much. If their bands of laid-off workers don’t make a buck soon, the bars will start to run into a massive deficit without having a stable consumer base. An unemployed man can only spend for so long. Still, I reap the benefits. And if ever there is a time when someone may ask me why it is I chose my life without shelter; perhaps an intrigued lady aroused by such mystery or a confused little boy who was always taught to work with what they got; I shall tell them both that I live in the market of the free. My entire essence is dedicated to what I want and how accessible it is to make such an acquisition. Everything else is simply an unnecessary expenditure. A Short Story Essay The cold hit him straight way, and he turned to the see the appealing glow of the gas lamp that cast silhouettes on the walls, the shadows dancing with each flicker of the small flame. The wind blew quiet but harsh and found its way through the gaps in his woollen overcoat. He turned up the collar and regretted that there was no button to keep it in place. He scurried down the well-trodden path, passing withering plants and whatever else lay in the darkness. Without warning, the headlights of an approaching illuminated him against the darkness of the forest; he threw himself to the hard ground, scurrying towards the relative safety of the undergrowth. He didn’t dare to move, terrified that any shuffle or scratching might give away his position, as the truck stopped at the side of the road. He heard the slamming of doors and the shuffling of feet. The man could see nothing but the very top of the trucks canvas roof, but he could hear their voices. One shouted out to another in German; the reply was a harsh laugh that seemed to pierce the very core of the wildlife; a large bird that has been making its way cautiously over to the man suddenly opened its wings out and took off violently from where it stood with a loud shriek that filled the deadly quiet. The man stopped breathing, covered his head with both of his hands and screwed his eyes tightly shut, willing the other men to go away. He could hear them walking over, their hard-soled boots thudding, again and again, as they made their way closer. He had attempted to bury himself in the plantation, but it was to no avail. A narrow, white torch beam, moved across the perimeter of the forest, and slowly made its way down to his level. He shut his eyes tight and willed them to leave him be, to go away. And just like that, the beam of light vanished, and the footsteps gradually died away. With the slam of two doors, the engine started, and the truck moved off. The man lifted his head slightly, just in time to see the terrifying symbol of the Swastika that would be engrained in his mind for the rest of his life.

An Occurrence at Owl Creek Essay

The wind made in the tree’s branches the music olian harps. † Ambrose Bierce uses allusions and imagery to create a sense of wonderment and mysteriousness for first-time readers of his historical fiction story An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge. Within this short story, a man named Peyton Farquhar is being hung from Owl Creek Bridge for trespassing into Union territory during the civil war. As he is dropped the rope breaks and he makes his escape after dropping into the river below. After swimming through gunfire and a vortex, traversing through an endless forest, and suffering thirst and weariness, Farquhar finally reaches his home. Just as he is greeted by his wife, Farquhar’s world ends as his neck breaks and his body is hanging from the bridge. The sudden conclusion reveals the past events, starting from the rope breaking, was all a hallucination. While the ending shocks many first-time readers, second-time readers may recognize numerous instances of foreshadowing implemented into the figurative language used to create emotion. In order to embed this foreshadowing, Bierce creates certain events in the hallucination that correspond with events outside of the hallucination. Furthermore, he adds conspicuous allusions to Greek mythology. Lastly, Bierce formulates a very unnatural and vague setting around Peyton Farquhar as he is hallucinating. Veteran readers will notice these three key components of foreshadowing. â€Å"Suddenly he felt himself†¦ spinning like a top† is an example of foreshadowing found in hallucination events. In the hallucination, Farquhar is spinning around in the vortex of water. In the actual events, he is spinning as he is dropping from the plank. Other examples of this style of foreshadowing exist in the story. â€Å"†¦ e could no longer close them [his eyes]† Conscious of the ending, veteran readers will view this quote as a sign that his neck is being constricted in real life due to the rope around his neck. Lastly, â€Å"He could no longer feel the roadway beneath his feet. † shows that Farquhar is in midair, and close to his death. Readers of An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge may at first conside r these texts as an emphasis on the weariness of the doomed man. However, these double as premonition for the sudden conclusion. Allusions to a largely known fundament of Greek mythology, Hades, is tilized to further foreshadow the closure of the story. â€Å"The road was as wide and straight as a city street. No fields bordered it, no dwelling anywhere. † this quote is a metaphorical reference comparing the scene in the Farquhar’s mind to the River Styx in Hades. The small instance of the word â€Å"fields† may refer to the Fields of Asphodel, also found in Hades of Greek myth. â€Å"Not so much as the barking of a dog suggested human habitation. † This quote from the story is an allusion to Cerberus, the three-headed dog of the Underworld. These particular citations all refer to Hades, which is broadly used as a symbol for death. Lastly, Bierce makes use of a strange and vague setting to give readers a feeling of mysteriousness and apprehension. This setting, found towards the concluding paragraphs of the story, also heralding Farquhar’s death. â€Å"He distinctly heard whispers in an unknown tongue†¦ † suggests paranormal entities envisioned around him. In this same setting, the â€Å"black† trees on both sides of the road formed â€Å"a straight wall†, creating a dark and morbid mood with the black trees and the â€Å"formal† configuration of the trees. This bleak setting foreshadows death and instigates a feeling of eeriness. Rereading An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge with familiarity on the story can yield and uncover a myriad of clever and subtle foreshadowing the astounding denouement. Much of the foreshadowing is combined with plot elements, such as setting, suspenseful climax, and figurative language. Ambrose Bierce used the described techniques to contribute to the inconspicuous foreshadowing of the ending, and thus, recreated the meanings of his written words.

Osmosis Lab Report

Osmosis Rates in Artificial Cells Daniel George Department of Biology Grand Valley State University 1 Campus Drive Allendale, MI 49401 [email  protected] gvsu. edu Abstract The lab for this paper was conducted for the topic of osmosis, the movement of water from high to low concentration. Five artificial cells were created, each being filled with different concentrated solutions of sucrose. These artificial cells were placed in hypertonic, hypotonic, or isotonic solutions for a period of 90 min. Over time, the rate of osmosis was measured by calculating the weight of each artificial cell on given intervals (every 10 minutes).The resulting weights were recorded and the data was graphed. We then could draw conclusions on the lab. Introduction Diffusion and Osmosis are two concepts that go hand in hand with each other. Diffusion is simply described as the movement of a substance from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration. In another words, the substance will move down its concentration gradient which is â€Å"the region along which the density of a chemical substance increases or decreases† (Campbell Biology pg. 132). If you understand the concept of diffusion then osmosis is a very simple process.It can be defined as the diffusion of water across a permeable membrane. Osmosis can be cellular or artificial, so even though we are creating artificial cells in this lab, it is still considered to be osmosis. During osmosis, a solvent is trying to get through a selectively permeable membrane to make the concentration of that solvent the same on both sides of the membrane. The rate of osmosis depends on the type of environment the cell is in. There are three different environments that a cell can find itself in, a hypertonic environment, a hypotonic environment, or an isotonic environment.The environment a cell is in will determine its tonicity which is â€Å"the ability of a surrounding solution to cause a cell to gain or lose weight † (Campbell Biology pg. 133). â€Å"In a hypertonic solution, the cell will lose water, shrivel up, and most likely die† (Campbell Biology pg. 133). The reason this happens is because there is a higher concentration of water in the cell then there is in the environment the cell is in. Like I said before, water travels down its concentration gradient from high concentration to low concentration.So the water inside the cell will cross the membrane and enter into the solution outside the cell and it will continue to do this until the concentration inside the cell membrane and outside the cell membrane are equal. The opposite of this would be if the cell was in a solution that is hypotonic to the cell. In a hypotonic solution, â€Å"water would enter the cell faster than it leaves and the cell will swell up and lyse (burst)† (Campbell Biology pg. 134). This will also cause the cell to die. Both a hypertonic and hypotonic solution are very harmful to cell and in most cases will cause the death of the cell.A solution that a cell wants to be in is an isotonic solution. If the concentration of water in the cell and in the surrounding environment is equal, there will be no net movement of water across the membrane and therefore the cell will not shrivel up or swell up. ). An experiment has been conducted to find out whether or not osmosis is occurring by using artificial cells made of dialysis tubing. To test this hypothesis the experiment will show the change in weight of each artificial cell across a 90 minute time span.The experiment will also show which type of environment (as previously stated) each cell is placed in and taken out of to be weighed. Materials and Methods This experiment will look at the effects of various sucrose concentrations on the rate of osmosis in artificial cells made up of dialysis tubing. To begin the experiment one strip of dialysis tubing will be filled with 10mL of tap water, the second will be filed with 10mL of 20% sucrose, the third with 10mL of 40% sucrose, the fourth with 10mL of 60% sucrose, and the fifth bag will be filled with 10mL of tap water also.The dialysis tubing will be clamped at one end in order to fill it and then clamped at the other end to seal the filled bag. If the bag is not soft and floppy, the experiment will not work. Blot a bag with a paper towel to absorb the moisture and weigh it, if this blotting process is not done it could interfere with the weight readings creating inaccurate information. After the bags of the solutions are prepared, they will be placed into five different beakers with different solutions. Beakers 1-4 will be filled with tap water and the fifth beaker is filled with 40% sucrose and water.Fill each beaker with just enough water or solution so that the bag is covered and place the bags in the beakers simultaneously and record each time. Every 10 min the bags are to be taken out, blotted, and weighed again before returning them back into their resp ective beaker for another 10 min. The process is repeated until you have reached 90 min. The weights should be recorded in grams (g). Results Table 1 shows the contents of the bags and the content of the concentration it was submersed in. Bags 2-4 each contain a solution of both sucrose and water. These bags were each put into beakers containing hypertonic solution.These bags gained weight over time because the water moved from its high concentration inside the beaker to the low concentration inside the membrane of the artificial cell, the membrane being the bags that consisted of dialysis tubing. The water will continue to move through the pores of the dialysis tubing into the concentration of water is the same in the beaker as well as inside the artificial cell. Bag 1, consisting of water, was also put into a breaker containing water. The weight of this bag remains the same because it was placed in an isotonic solution, where the concentration of water was the same.Because of this , osmosis does not occur. The last bag (bag 5) contained only water whereas the beaker it was immersed in was a solution of 40% sucrose. The solution is a hypertonic solution because the concentration of water was higher inside the artificial cell then outside the cell membrane, inside the beaker. Because of this, the weight of bag 5 decreased as time went on because water was constantly leaving the bag through the pores of the dialysis tubing in an attempt to make the concentration of water equal inside and outside of the bag.As you can see from the results plotted in Graph 1, the bags that were put into a hypotonic solution gained weight over time, whereas the bag that was put into a hypertonic solution lost weight over time. Conclusion/ Discussion As you look over the results of this experiment it is clear that indeed osmosis does occur in an artificial cell with a permeable membrane made of dialysis tubing. As the data shows, the artificial cells that were placed in hypotonic so lutions had a gain in weight, the artificial cell that was placed in a hypertonic solution lost weight, and the cell placed in an isotonic solution stayed the same.The amount of weight gained or lost depends on how concentrated the solutions are, and this did not show in our results (Graph 1). †The rate of diffusion or osmosis is dependent on such factors as temperature, partial size, and the concentration gradient† (General Biology I Laboratory experiments and exercises pg. 3-1). The cell containing 60% sucrose should have ended up being heavier than the cells containing 20% and 40% sucrose, but an error must have occurred during our lab that changed the data that was collected.All in all, the results still prove our hypothesis that osmosis does occur in artificial cells. This means that when an artificial cell is placed in a hypotonic solution, it will gain weight. If an artificial cell is placed in a hypertonic solution it will lose weight, and if it is placed in an i sotonic solution it will stay the same. There are many reasons why our data could have been misleading, weather it was a small hole in one of the dialysis bags, or a faulty scale, or the inability to plot the bags dry before weighing.To better this experiment I believe you should have a scale for each of the bags so that you can weigh the bags and get them back into their respective beaker of solution as quickly as possible. Also, I believe a more successful way of drying each bag before weighing needs to be introduced but the excess water on the outside of the bags could have defiantly thrown off the data. References Patrick A. Thorpe (ed). (2013). Biology 120 General Biology I Laboratory Experiments an Exercises. Plymouth, MI: Hayden-McNeil Publishing.Reece, Urry, Cain, Wasserman, Minorsky, Jackson (eds). (2011). Campbell Biology Ninth Edition. San Fransico, CA: Pearson Education Inc.. Bag| Bag Contents| Beaker Contents| Bag is in a _____solution | Bag will _______ weight. | | 1| tap water| tap water| isotonic| stay the same| | 2| 20% sucrose| tap water| hypotonic| gain| | 3| 40% sucrose| tap water| hypotonic| gain| | 4| 60% sucrose| tap water| hypotonic| gain| | 5| tap water| 40% sucrose| hypertonic| lose| | | | | | | | Table 1 Graph 1 TIME (MIN) TIME (MIN) W E I G H T (g) W E I G H T (g) Osmosis Lab Report Osmosis Rates in Artificial Cells Daniel George Department of Biology Grand Valley State University 1 Campus Drive Allendale, MI 49401 [email  protected] gvsu. edu Abstract The lab for this paper was conducted for the topic of osmosis, the movement of water from high to low concentration. Five artificial cells were created, each being filled with different concentrated solutions of sucrose. These artificial cells were placed in hypertonic, hypotonic, or isotonic solutions for a period of 90 min. Over time, the rate of osmosis was measured by calculating the weight of each artificial cell on given intervals (every 10 minutes).The resulting weights were recorded and the data was graphed. We then could draw conclusions on the lab. Introduction Diffusion and Osmosis are two concepts that go hand in hand with each other. Diffusion is simply described as the movement of a substance from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration. In another words, the substance will move down its concentration gradient which is â€Å"the region along which the density of a chemical substance increases or decreases† (Campbell Biology pg. 132). If you understand the concept of diffusion then osmosis is a very simple process.It can be defined as the diffusion of water across a permeable membrane. Osmosis can be cellular or artificial, so even though we are creating artificial cells in this lab, it is still considered to be osmosis. During osmosis, a solvent is trying to get through a selectively permeable membrane to make the concentration of that solvent the same on both sides of the membrane. The rate of osmosis depends on the type of environment the cell is in. There are three different environments that a cell can find itself in, a hypertonic environment, a hypotonic environment, or an isotonic environment.The environment a cell is in will determine its tonicity which is â€Å"the ability of a surrounding solution to cause a cell to gain or lose weight † (Campbell Biology pg. 133). â€Å"In a hypertonic solution, the cell will lose water, shrivel up, and most likely die† (Campbell Biology pg. 133). The reason this happens is because there is a higher concentration of water in the cell then there is in the environment the cell is in. Like I said before, water travels down its concentration gradient from high concentration to low concentration.So the water inside the cell will cross the membrane and enter into the solution outside the cell and it will continue to do this until the concentration inside the cell membrane and outside the cell membrane are equal. The opposite of this would be if the cell was in a solution that is hypotonic to the cell. In a hypotonic solution, â€Å"water would enter the cell faster than it leaves and the cell will swell up and lyse (burst)† (Campbell Biology pg. 134). This will also cause the cell to die. Both a hypertonic and hypotonic solution are very harmful to cell and in most cases will cause the death of the cell.A solution that a cell wants to be in is an isotonic solution. If the concentration of water in the cell and in the surrounding environment is equal, there will be no net movement of water across the membrane and therefore the cell will not shrivel up or swell up. ). An experiment has been conducted to find out whether or not osmosis is occurring by using artificial cells made of dialysis tubing. To test this hypothesis the experiment will show the change in weight of each artificial cell across a 90 minute time span.The experiment will also show which type of environment (as previously stated) each cell is placed in and taken out of to be weighed. Materials and Methods This experiment will look at the effects of various sucrose concentrations on the rate of osmosis in artificial cells made up of dialysis tubing. To begin the experiment one strip of dialysis tubing will be filled with 10mL of tap water, the second will be filed with 10mL of 20% sucrose, the third with 10mL of 40% sucrose, the fourth with 10mL of 60% sucrose, and the fifth bag will be filled with 10mL of tap water also.The dialysis tubing will be clamped at one end in order to fill it and then clamped at the other end to seal the filled bag. If the bag is not soft and floppy, the experiment will not work. Blot a bag with a paper towel to absorb the moisture and weigh it, if this blotting process is not done it could interfere with the weight readings creating inaccurate information. After the bags of the solutions are prepared, they will be placed into five different beakers with different solutions. Beakers 1-4 will be filled with tap water and the fifth beaker is filled with 40% sucrose and water.Fill each beaker with just enough water or solution so that the bag is covered and place the bags in the beakers simultaneously and record each time. Every 10 min the bags are to be taken out, blotted, and weighed again before returning them back into their resp ective beaker for another 10 min. The process is repeated until you have reached 90 min. The weights should be recorded in grams (g). Results Table 1 shows the contents of the bags and the content of the concentration it was submersed in. Bags 2-4 each contain a solution of both sucrose and water. These bags were each put into beakers containing hypertonic solution.These bags gained weight over time because the water moved from its high concentration inside the beaker to the low concentration inside the membrane of the artificial cell, the membrane being the bags that consisted of dialysis tubing. The water will continue to move through the pores of the dialysis tubing into the concentration of water is the same in the beaker as well as inside the artificial cell. Bag 1, consisting of water, was also put into a breaker containing water. The weight of this bag remains the same because it was placed in an isotonic solution, where the concentration of water was the same.Because of this , osmosis does not occur. The last bag (bag 5) contained only water whereas the beaker it was immersed in was a solution of 40% sucrose. The solution is a hypertonic solution because the concentration of water was higher inside the artificial cell then outside the cell membrane, inside the beaker. Because of this, the weight of bag 5 decreased as time went on because water was constantly leaving the bag through the pores of the dialysis tubing in an attempt to make the concentration of water equal inside and outside of the bag.As you can see from the results plotted in Graph 1, the bags that were put into a hypotonic solution gained weight over time, whereas the bag that was put into a hypertonic solution lost weight over time. Conclusion/ Discussion As you look over the results of this experiment it is clear that indeed osmosis does occur in an artificial cell with a permeable membrane made of dialysis tubing. As the data shows, the artificial cells that were placed in hypotonic so lutions had a gain in weight, the artificial cell that was placed in a hypertonic solution lost weight, and the cell placed in an isotonic solution stayed the same.The amount of weight gained or lost depends on how concentrated the solutions are, and this did not show in our results (Graph 1). †The rate of diffusion or osmosis is dependent on such factors as temperature, partial size, and the concentration gradient† (General Biology I Laboratory experiments and exercises pg. 3-1). The cell containing 60% sucrose should have ended up being heavier than the cells containing 20% and 40% sucrose, but an error must have occurred during our lab that changed the data that was collected.All in all, the results still prove our hypothesis that osmosis does occur in artificial cells. This means that when an artificial cell is placed in a hypotonic solution, it will gain weight. If an artificial cell is placed in a hypertonic solution it will lose weight, and if it is placed in an i sotonic solution it will stay the same. There are many reasons why our data could have been misleading, weather it was a small hole in one of the dialysis bags, or a faulty scale, or the inability to plot the bags dry before weighing.To better this experiment I believe you should have a scale for each of the bags so that you can weigh the bags and get them back into their respective beaker of solution as quickly as possible. Also, I believe a more successful way of drying each bag before weighing needs to be introduced but the excess water on the outside of the bags could have defiantly thrown off the data. References Patrick A. Thorpe (ed). (2013). Biology 120 General Biology I Laboratory Experiments an Exercises. Plymouth, MI: Hayden-McNeil Publishing.Reece, Urry, Cain, Wasserman, Minorsky, Jackson (eds). (2011). Campbell Biology Ninth Edition. San Fransico, CA: Pearson Education Inc.. Bag| Bag Contents| Beaker Contents| Bag is in a _____solution | Bag will _______ weight. | | 1| tap water| tap water| isotonic| stay the same| | 2| 20% sucrose| tap water| hypotonic| gain| | 3| 40% sucrose| tap water| hypotonic| gain| | 4| 60% sucrose| tap water| hypotonic| gain| | 5| tap water| 40% sucrose| hypertonic| lose| | | | | | | | Table 1 Graph 1 TIME (MIN) TIME (MIN) W E I G H T (g) W E I G H T (g)

Issues in Multicultural Britain Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Issues in Multicultural Britain - Essay Example The conclusion of the Second World War in 1945 hastened a level of cultural interaction and immigration into many Western nations that had not previously been seen. Much of this immigration and increased cultural interaction was the result of the fact that tens of thousands of individuals were force to seek work elsewhere or move from the destroyed regions that they had previously lived. In his text ‘Multiculturalism: A Civic Idea’ Modood (2007) stresses the importance of education in shaping multiculturalism in the modern society. This paper examines the prospects of multiculturalism with the impending changes to the national curriculum. The need for change is contingent upon some of the issues that have been represented within England over the past few decades. Ultimately, the nation is experiencing something of a tribalized level of development; with certain ethnic, racial, or religious groups seemingly existing within the periphery of English life and not actively vi ewing themselves as a functional part of it. This creates a serious issue both for the society’s development and for the way in which multicultural can be effected or considered as an overall success. Within this understanding, stakeholders within government and education have determined that the most effective way of correcting this would be to focus a higher level of emphasis on engaging multicultural norms and forms of appreciation within the educational structure; as a means of integrating with the societal stakeholder as they are young and explaining the importance of this as a means of forming a more cohesive yet individualized nation. For a long time since it came to the fore in the 1940s, multiculturalism has been presented as a positive feature of national societies. Countries and even cities have proudly presented themselves as being multi-cultural or even metropolitan; this represents part of a wider ideology referred to as multiculturalism (UNESCO, 2003). During the past

Accounting Information Systems (AIS) And Telecommunicating Accounting Essay

Accounting Information Systems (AIS) And Telecommunicating Accounting Information - Essay Example This paper stresses that using Accounting Information System (AIS) is not risk-free. Any data that can be communicated across the internet or through satellite can be viewed and interrupted by a third party without main party’s prior consent. Such unwanted intrusion is also known as hacking into unauthorised systems. Every organization that has globalized over the years must ensure the safety of data of their customers when they operate. With thousands of new software built across the globe every day, the loop holes of the system penetration is getting more visible. Sometimes, it so happens that some hackers work so swiftly that even the organization to which they target to hack, cannot find out that they are being hacked until it’s too late to recover actual losses. This essay makes a conclusion that this unsecured public network connection becomes vulnerable to such attacks frequently so the organizations decided to work under secured private networks with B-2-B and B-2-C network architecture. These are basically electronic commerce concepts that incorporate AIS and enable the organization to communicate in secured zones where third party cannot intrude as the network is privatised. In short we may say that with little responsibility on organizations’ behalf, if the AIS are implemented in secured private networks, its benefits outweigh risks for the customers as well as the organizations.

Operations Management of Airbus Company Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Operations Management of Airbus Company - Essay Example The paper tells that Airbus is considering taking production approach similar to the ones applied by Boeing. For the company to take appropriate measure in this endeavor it need to consider the following factors. Cancellation of orders or running out of business by airline companies is the main causes of production of white tail jets. As an Airbus consultant, the researcher will begin by investigating the causes and nature of cancellation of orders or running out of business by airliners in a long-term perspective. Secondly, the researcher need to investigate market trends by analyzing possible demands in the long-term. Finally, Airbus is facing competition from other competitors such as Boeing and McDonnell Douglas Company. The researcher would therefore investigate the implication of white tailed jet as a long-term competition strategy. These issues will require objectives that can be evaluated in order to determine their suitability of application in Airbus. Firstly, Airbus needs to determine the future demand resulting from the anticipated growth of the airline industry. The company also requires knowing the possibility of acquiring new customers from existing airliners and from possible new entrants. Thirdly, Airbus needs to evaluate possible competitive advantage that may result from the production of white tail jets. Finally, Airbus would require to measure the degree at which market trend is shifting from making of orders to buying of readymade aircrafts. Part 3; Operation management techniques Qualitative and quantitative techniques as applied in operational management will be useful in analyzing the stated important issues. Quantitative techniques are important technique in operation management since they enable operations managers to determine future anticipations in terms of quantity or numbers. This factor makes the technique to have wide application in forecasting of expected operation methods and procedures. The technique relies on data and model s and it would be appropriate for analyzing Airbus case. Unlike quantitative techniques, qualitative techniques are more subjective, this makes the technique fit perfectly in the given scenario. Qualitative techniques forecasts future prospect of a company based on answers to a series of question related to the management of a company (Slack, & Chambers, 2008). Using quantitative techniques it is possible to determine the time duration within which Airbus should continue producing white tailed aircrafts. Firstly, considering the rate at which airliners across the globe are grounding their planes from lack of business, Airbus is likely to have a continued production of white tailed jets. Although the move has some competitive advantage over its rival plane manufacture Boeing, the company needs to consider any long-term threats that may result from the move. Currently Boeing is involved in intensive management program to ensure that any delays and order cancellation do not turn out as a white tailed jet. Airbus need to evaluate possible risks that rival company is avoiding by taking the current moves. Boeing main customer Lufthansa has ground A300-600s and a similar move is likely to apply to A340-300 series. Other companies such as Quanta airlines are considering taking mergers and this will cause a reduction in the number of orders they make. This implies that the company is anticipating a sharp fall in the demand of aircrafts making it to take cautions in its manufacturing plans. Airbus also needs to determine the duration within which it should continue with production of white tail aircrafts considering the anticipated demands due to a shortfall in supply. Although airline companies are currently

Journal reflection (se instructions) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Journal reflection (se instructions) - Essay Example I was relieved by the arrangement and hoped this would allow me to focus on them better. However, my initial relief was quickly replaced by apprehension when I realised that it was a full inclusion class, containing students of different races and gender and disabilities. The realisation did unnerve me a little for I was plagued by the thought of doing justice to them all and provide them with a good learning experience. At the outset, the students seemed comfortable. But I could discern that some of them were quite occupied with toys whereas there were others on a lookout for a similar preoccupation but not finding any, seemed on the brink of mischief. My initial endeavour was to divide them in random groups of five, which would make it easier to supervise. Students then were given different tasks to be carried out as groups under our supervision. For example, a construction model was handed out to students who had to create a replica on the basis of a picture provided. Such an activity not only gave the chance to introduce new things to them but also allowed interaction between students. Thus we began planning activities that would require students to interact with another and help them build social competency skills. I was aware about the need to maintain multiculturalism in my teaching since I had a lot of Indian, Chinese and Hispanic students in my class. We decided to allot one day of the week and call it â€Å"Culture Day†, where the classroom and activities will be designed to acquaint children with that particular culture. Moreover, the fact that I had read on my students’ cultures helped me since I could interpret their behavioural traits. I understood the importance of participation of the student’s families to help me with this endeavour and sought their collaboration. Yet another problem I faced was of teaching disabled children. These children were finding it difficult to cope with other

The most famous building of U of O Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The most famous building of U of O - Essay Example It also functions unconventionally through use of smart plugs, efficient electric lighting and controls, advanced monitoring systems and green roofs. Lillis Business Complex’s orientation enables it achieve maximum energy efficiency hence reducing emissions. The east-west orientation ensure that there is adequate natural light in the classrooms during the day therefore no artificial lighting, which emits heat and raises energy costs, is required. The building also runs on solar energy, a renewable source of energy, which is generated from a 44 kW of (PV) cells. These cells are incorporated into the atrium’s south-facing curtain wall finishing, windowpanes on the penthouse roof, and flat roof sheets and are fed into the university’s power grid for use by other amenities.1 This in turn ensures that there are no emissions from generators and it greatly reduces the energy cost in the university. Environmentalist are advocating for recycling and reuse of materials as a way of coming up with sustainable buildings and environments. Lillis Business Complex is made of recycled materials hence extending the life and usefulness of old materials that have fulfilled their purpose, thus making them useable. The construction waste from the previous building was sorted and valuable materials like steel and cardboards were reused in the building of the green complex.90% of the beautiful complex is made up of structural steel and concrete which contain recycled matter. The floor is made of Marmoleum, which is a biodegradable product of linseed oil and wood wastes from industries, a big part of the buildings carpet tile is from recycled carpeting, which has a prolonged life span compared to other forms of carpeting, and all this resulted in cost saving of the building materials. If not well designed for, a building may end up using more or less water than anticipated hence water conservation is a key element when coming up with green buildings. This may lead to increased water bill costs or under utilization of the building due to lack of or inadequate water supply. Sustainable landscape techniques have been put in place for water conservation purposes. Adaptive plants have been used to minimize water and pesticide use, which lead to pollution, Low flow appliances have also been put in place with the aim of conserving water by controlling the amount of water that runs from these appliances. Green roofs act as normal strainers by keeping water in plants, growing media and later vaporizing it into the air, during summer, they retain 70-80% of rainfall and 20-30% in winter and decrease and deferment run off throughout hefty and extended precipitation. By incorporating green roof in Lillis Business Complex, the institution reduced the impact of run off on the storm water drainage system and reduced the chances of local flooding. During summer, photosynthesis and evapotranspiration reduce the amount of solar energy absorbed by the roof membr ane, creating cooler temperatures in the interior while during winter, root activity of the plants produce heat thus keeping the interior warm, therefore making them good insulators. The green roofs also provide the students’ with an area where they can socialize as well as meet their green space needs, fresh air transmission in a building not only increases the tenants’ self-esteem, but also develops their health and luxury. The quality of indoor environment in Lillis Business

Electromagnetic Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Electromagnetic - Research Paper Example It is sometimes used to bar radio frequency electro magnetic rays as well. This method is known as RF Shielding. Depending on the material and its physical properties such as size, shape, thickness, and the frequency of electromagnetic fields and even the orientation of the material vis-Ã  -vis magnetic field, the effects of magnetic shielding can be reduced or increased. We must note that magnetic fields are only redirected using these materials and not created or destroyed. This is because magnetic field lines are attracted into the material and kept from spreading out as they take the path offering the least resistance (Appleman and Dailey, 1974). The reason for this stems from Maxwell’s equation; Using one magnet, each of the three materials was brought closer to it. The idea was to see which ones are attracted and which ones are not. The former being classified as magnetic and the latter as non magnetic. Firstly, one of the neodymium magnets was brought closer to the other which was attached to the thread. The magnet visibly moved towards the other magnet and thus it was established that a magnetic field exists. Then the only non-magnetic conductor here i.e. Aluminium was placed between the two and then the neodymium magnet was brought towards the other. It was interesting to note that although the magnet on the thread did not come comparatively closer to the aluminium, it does exhibited an interesting phenomenon; as the magnet on the other side of aluminium was moved, so did the magnet on the thread. This means that although aluminum is non-magnetic, it does interact with magnets in other ways. Procedure and observations:The magnet was brought closer to the copper pipe. No force was experienced and both the magnet and copper offered no attraction. Thus, copper is deemed as non-magnetic. However, it cannot be used for magnetic shielding since the effects of magnet were seen on the other side of the copper as

The Holiday Market Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The Holiday Market - Assignment Example Geographic segmentation divides the market in terms of cities, countries, regions or locality. This may also include the size of the area, population and climatic conditions. Psychographic variable takes into account people’s lifestyles and attitudes. Socio-economic basis helps the marketers to target selected products to different segments thus made. In addition to the above bases for segmentation, because of changes in consumer demands, several other bases for segmentation have been found. These include behavioral and attitudinal segmentation. Behavioral segmentation is undertaken based on how the customers know or respond to the use of the product. The holiday sector is seasonal and hence based on the occasion, segmentation can be undertaken. Customer behavior also pertains to usage and loyalty and these are also used as bases for segmentation on this sector (Tutor2u, n.d.). Marketers can engage in attitudinal segmentation but Diaz-Martin et al., find that people with diffe rent attitudes may also end up buying the same brand or having the same preferences. The attitude determines the preference for the activity and some may choose hill trekking while others prefer scuba diving. All the above bases for segmentation as discussed above do not apply to all areas within the holiday market. In the air sector segmentation based on expected sales is redundant. Latent class segmentation is undertaken which is based on consumer perception of brand, price promotion, sales personnel and product line (Bond & Morris, 2003). Customer expectations are not homogenous and airlines also use customer expectation as an important segmentation variable. Expectations influence the perceived service quality which helps to gain competitive... The Holiday Market Segmentation comes naturally to human beings. Segmentation helps focus on the specific market and service its needs accordingly. The market has to be defined in terms of the end users of the products or services. Sales and marketing is not about getting any customer but to select a homogenous group of customers. This helps devise the right marketing mix strategy as market segmentation is a proactive process involving several analytical techniques (Goller, Hogg and Kalafatis, 2002). This paper evaluates the different bases that marketers use to select their target market. It also examines the segment that is likely to increase or decrease in the next decade. Based on this analysis, the paper recommends how holiday marketers can monitor and devise their marketing strategy. What bases for segmentation might be appropriate in the holiday business? The holiday market is highly competitive and fragmented and hence the segmentation is based on different factors. In fact segmentation in the holiday market could differ for different products. For instance segmentation in transportation could differ from segmentation strategy adopted by the hotels. Segmentation can be based on factors such as demographic, socio-economic, geographical, or psychographic. On review of the above discussion and research it can be concluded that holiday marketers would have to segment their customers based on demographics even if it is considered an outdated method of segmentation. The older customers’ is a high potential segment which prefers package holidays as they seek convenience, comfort, security and safety.

Morality and Generally Good Morals Essay Example for Free

Morality and Generally Good Morals Essay Morals, values and beliefs are all very similar in a way even though they may have different scientific definitions. Everyone in the world has morals, values and beliefs, although they may differ and have different roles in each other’s lives; theses three things all have an impact on how we choose to live our lives in some way. According to the online Merriam Webster dictionary, a moral is defined as something â€Å"concerned with the principles of right and wrong behavior and the goodness or badness of human character. † How we act in certain situations is often based on our morals. With morals, the way one was raised plays a big factor on whether or not that person makes morally right or wrong decisions. More often than not, someone who had a stable and well-rounded upbringing will make more morally right choices in their life compared to someone with less family influence or support. Sometimes there are exceptions with this, but generally good morals are usually instilled in people at a young age which can last a lifetime. A moral can also serve as a lesson or theme which is why the phrase â€Å"the moral of the story† exists. With that being said, it is possible for someone to gain moral values through learning lessons through personal or others’ life experiences. By learning lessons through experiences it allows us to have a better understanding on how to act if a similar experience arises again. One moral value that my parents always stressed me to have was to be honest with everyone. They taught me that with honest actions comes more respect and trust from others, which will be very beneficial in my personal and professional life. Value is defined as â€Å"the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something† by the online Oxford Dictionary. Values are the components of peoples’ lives that they find important and meaningful. People’s values often change throughout their lives as their circumstances change. Personally, my values are education, family, friends and money. All of these are important aspects to me which I find necessary to be content with my life. If I didn’t find education valuable to me I would not be enrolled in school right now. Also, without my family and friends, I would not be who I am today since they serve as a great support system and offer value to my life. Money is important because without it I would not be able to support myself while away at school . For example I would not be able to buy necessary items such as books and supplies to give me the best chance at succeeding in college. As time goes on these values may change to my career, my children and more things that would be more meaningful to me as I get older in age.

Alternative Drink Industry Analysis Essay Example for Free

Alternative Drink Industry Analysis Essay 1. Do a complete five-forces analysis of competition in the global alternative drink industry, then tell me which of the five competitive forces is strong, weak, and why. Especially in the force of rivalry (one of the 5 forces), you must identify the market size, growth rate, profit margins, what are the main categories in the alternative drink industry, who are the major competitors and their relative sizes, the competition scope, the main competition weapons) 2. Briefly identify 6 to 7 key success factors in the alternative drink industry 3. What are the other economic traits that are outside the industry but still can affect all competitors (for example, overall economy trend, long term innovation, globalization, maturity stage of the industry, relevant legislation, etc. )? Briefly explain how these factors can affect the industry. Notes: 1.   What are the strategically relevant components of the global and U. S. beverage industry macro-environment? How do the economic characteristics of the alternative beverage segment of the industry differ from that of other beverage categories? Explain. The strategically relevant components of the global and U. S. beverage industry macro-environment: †¢ Global beverage companies such as Coca Cola and PepsiCo had relied on such beverages to sustain in volume growth in mature markets where consumers were reducing their consumption of carbonated soft drinks. †¢ Coca-Cola, PepsiCo, and other beverage companies were intent on expanding the market for alternative beverages by introducing energy drinks, sports drinks, and vitamin drinks in more and more emerging international markets. †¢ Beverage producers had made various attempts at increasing the size of the market for alternative beverages by extending existing product lines and developing altogether new products. †¢ Expanding the market for alternatives beverages and increasing sales and market share, beverage producers also were forced to content with criticism from some that energy drinks, energy shots, and relaxation drinks presented health risks for consumers and that some producers’ strategies promoted reckless behavior, the primary concern of most producers of energy drinks, sports drinks, and vitamin-enhanced beverages was how to best improve their competitive standing in the market place. †¢ Rapid growth in the category, coupled with premium prices and high profit margins made alternative beverages an important part of beverage companies’ lineup of brands. The Alternative Beverage Segment Help Companies to Sustain Volume Growth in Mature Markets Where Consumers Were Reducing Their Consumption of Carbonated Soft Drinks. Also the Alternative Beverage Industry Offered 2. What is competition like in the alternative beverage industry? Which of the five competitive forces is strongest? Which is weakest? What competitive forces seem to have the greatest effect on industry attractiveness and the potential profitability of new entrants? Competition from substitutes is substantial. There were many substitutes to alternative beverages such as tea, soft drinks, fruit juices, bottled water and tap water. Even though substitute products had a bigger market share in the US, consumers had tended to buy more alternative beverages. This change in customer preference had weakened the competitive power of substitute beverages. Convenience store, grocery store, and wholesale club buyers had substantial leverage in negotiating pricing and slotting fees with alternative beverage producers because of their large purchases. New brands with low market shares were most vulnerable to buyer leverage since shelf space was limited while top brands such as Red Bull were almost always assured of shelf space. Coca-Cola and PepsiCo were least vulnerable since they offered a wide variety of beverages that convenience stores, grocery stores, and wholesale clubs wished to offer to consumers. As a result of this certain appeal, the two companies’ alternative beverage brands almost always found shelf space in retail stores. The bargaining power and leverage of suppliers was the weakest competitive force. Many suppliers for alternative beverage ingredients and they fight with the others to sell their products. Packaging is readily available from many suppliers and is like a commodity. However, some rare ingredients providers had a moderate amount of leverage in negotiations with energy drink producers. Additionally, the producers of alternative beverages are important customers of suppliers and buy in large quantities. The threat of new brands varies by market maturity of each alternative beverage category. It has low threat for mature categories and moderate to strong in young categories. During the early stages of developing a category, when famous brand leaders had not been established, the threat of entry in alternative beverage categories remained strong. As a result, entrepreneurs launching new beverages with novel formulas or well-developed image campaigns could quickly gain market share among consumers. However, as the category matured, consumer preferences developed and shaped retailers’ purchasing decisions. Once the category had established, its brand leaders, it became much more difficult for new entrants to gain shelf space in convenience stores, supermarkets, and wholesale clubs. Therefore, in 2010, the threat of entry should be lower for all types of alternative beverages except energy shots and relaxation drinks. The competence among sellers of alternative beverage could be considered as the strongest competitive force. Among the sellers of energy drinks and other alternative beverages, competition is so strong and will grow stronger each year. Competition among major brands centers primarily on brand image, an appealing taste, attractive packaging, new product RD, sales promotions and endorsements, and gaining better access to shelf space and strengthening distribution capabilities. As for 2010, there was no evidence of strong price competition in any of the alternative beverage categories, which makes it difficult to argue that competitive rivalry is fierce or brutal. Factors that increase the strength of competitive rivalry included efforts on the part of industry rivals to expand the number and types of alternative beverages in their product lines, low switching costs on the part of consumers, active and aggressive efforts on the part of sellers to establish consumer brand loyalty, and strong emphasis on advertising, sales promotions, and endorsements. MLA Competition in Energy Drinks, Sports Drink, and Vitamin-Enhanced.    28 Sep. 2011. http://www.   Competition in Energy Drinks, Sports Drink, and Vitamin-Enhanced. StudyMode. com. September 28, 2011.

Beauty Beast Nature

Beauty Beast Nature Beauty and the Beast Romantic writers could be the Disney writers of â€Å"Beauty and the Beast.† Their â€Å"beauty† shows in their love of nature and their will to preserve it; the â€Å"beast† is not the writer but their audience. The readers were monsters in the writers eyes because of their lack of love and appreciation for Gods great creation, Mother Nature. William Wordsworths works, such as â€Å"The World Is Too Much with Us† and â€Å"Nutting,† show his love for nature and his will to protect it; he uses word play and creative approaches to show the deep appreciation he has for the beauty of nature. William Wordsworths â€Å"The World Is Too Much with Us† paints the perfect â€Å"beauty and the beast† portrait. New York comes to mind after reading this work. The world is too much with us; late and soon,†¦ The first line depicts everyone rushing to work because they are â€Å"late† and they also want everything as fast or as â€Å"soon† as they can get it. People have become very impatient and ignore or take out their anger on those around them. In this case nature has become abused and neglected. Getting and spending, we lay waste our powers: Little we see in Nature that is ours; Everyone wants to spend their hard earned money; however, they cannot spare ten minutes to take a walk through Central Park and reconnect with nature. The great appreciation of nature that our ancestors had is being lost. Our great power has been tossed aside or â€Å"wasted† as Wordsworth has put it. Line four: We have given our hearts away,†¦ shows how human have lost their love for nature. Wordsworth wishes we still had a dependant love for the earth. Humans once relied so much on the earth that they would never think to destroy it. Now our minds are focused on more materialistic things. †¦we are out of tune; It moves us not.—Great God! Our world is like an old piano playing out of tune when the world is not taken care of. Peoples actions create a cut in the earths skin that may never be repaired. Wordsworth, like other Romantic writers, expresses how upset he has become with people for building our nature over Mother Nature. This work also shows how much he loves the world, Mother Nature, and cannot understand why people do not recognize natures wonders that are right in front of their face. People today forget to â€Å"stop and smell the roses.† Wordsworth takes a different approach in â€Å"Nutting† to express his deep appreciation of nature, a more exotic approach. This work uses sights and sounds found in nature; however, their true meaning is hidden. The hidden forms of natural words used have a deeper meaning, more sensual or sexual. For example, phrases such as â€Å"†¦fairy water-breaks,† â€Å"dragged to earth,† â€Å"†¦shady nook,† and â€Å"†¦spirit in the woods† all have to do with some element of nature. When those phrases are paired with other phrases such as â€Å"†¦Through beds,† â€Å"†¦Forced my way,† â€Å"†¦Tall and erect,† â€Å"†¦virgin scene,† and â€Å"†¦Voluptuous† seem to give this work of an innocent young man venturing into the woods to gather hazel nuts a more sexual meaning. The following passage is a perfect example of Wordsworth mixing nature and sex. †¦but the hazels rose Tall and erect, with tempting clusters hung, A virgin scene! This work also shows harm as a way to save. For example, the young man broking the branch to let light hit the floor of the woods. The young man harmed the tree by breaking the branch; however, he saved many other plants and insects by allowing light to hit the floor of the woods. This has been depicted in the following passages from the work: †¦Then up I rose, And dragged to earth both branch and bough, with crash And merciless ravage:†¦ I felt slight pain when beheld The silent trees, and saw introducing sky. The young man could be seen as a â€Å"beast† for harming nature, but in this case he is not because he was saving other natural elements. â€Å"Nutting† not only shows Wordsworths love for nature in a plant and animal aspect but it also shows human nature. Humans are sexual and that is secretly expressed in the word choices Wordsworth used. Wordsworths appreciation for nature is shown in the â€Å"colorful† words he uses to bring the work to life. The Norton Anthology states Wordsworths works â€Å"Both insist that nature—the external world experienced through the senses and the containing pattern assumed beyond that world—offers the possibility of wisdom to combat the pain inherent in human growth.† That sentence combines all of Wordsworths ideas of the natural world with human nature or growth. He shows anger towards those destroying the worlds natural beauty; however, if destruction of natural beauty is needed to help another form of nature survive than destruction is called for.

Water Biomes :: Environment Ecology

Water Biomes Marshland is covered with grasses, reeds, sedges, and cattails. These plants all have their roots in soil covered or saturated with water and its leaves held above water.Marshes may be freshwater or salt. Freshwater marshes develop along the shallow edges of lakes and slow-moving rivers, forming when ponds and lakes become filled with sediment. Salt marshes occur on coastal tidal flats. Inland salt marshes occupy the edges of lakes. They affect the supply of nutrients, the movement of water, and the type and deposition of sediment.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Salt marshes are best developed on the Atlantic coasts of North America and Europe. In eastern North America the low marsh is dominated by a single species, salt-marsh cordgrass. The high marsh consists of a short cordgrass called hay, spike grass, and glasswort. Glasswort is the dominant plant of Pacific Coast salt marshes.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Freshwater marshes provide nesting and wintering habitats for waterfowl and shorebirds, muskrats, frogs, and many aquatic insects. Salt marshes are wintering grounds for snow geese and ducks, a nesting habitat for herons and rails, and a source of nutrients for estuarine waters. Marshes are important in flood control, in sustaining high-water tables, and as settling basins to reduce pollution downstream. Despite their great environmental value, marshes are continually being destroyed by drainage and filling.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Marine Life, plants and animals of the sea, from the high-tide mark along the shore to the depths of the ocean. These organisms fall into three major groups: the benthos, plants such as kelp and animals such as brittle stars that live on or depend on the bottom; the nekton, swimming animals such as fishes and whales that move independently of water currents; and plankton, various small to microscopic organisms that are carried along by the currents.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Shore Life, the essentially marine organisms that inhabit the region bounded on one side by the height of the extreme high tide and on the other by the height of the extreme low tide. Within these boundaries organisms face a severe environment imposed by the rise and fall of tides. For up to half of a 24-hour period, the environment is marine; the rest of the time it is exposed, with terrestrial extremes in temperature and the drying effects of wind and sun.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Life on rocky shores, best developed on northern coasts, is separated into distinct zones that reflect the length of time each zone is exposed. At the highest position on the rocks is the black zone, marked by blue-green algae. This transition area between land and the marine environment is flooded only during the high spring. Below the black zone lies the white zone, where

Religion in Singapore Essay -- Religion, Asian History

INTRODUCTION The major religions of the world are no longer distant from us. They are now closer to us than we can conceive; our neighbors, schools, offices and market places. These beliefs and faiths are much a part of our everyday lives, which make it important for us to have a clear view of our history, teaching, customs and traditions, so we can better relate to people who profess them. In this research paper, I endeavor to make a small, but intensive contribution and bring to light religious history on Singapore. The philosophy of religion is different to various people. But in all we can say that religion is a set of beliefs and practices of a particular individual or group of people or sects. In any nation or society, people have a caboodle of cultural structure, belief structure and world views that create symbols that relate to spirituality and moral values. Many religions have symbols and traditions, passed in from generations down that are intended to give life a meaning or explain its origin. Many countries if not all have their own religion. Some practice one, others two and many others are known for their polygamous religions. Among these countries, we have Singapore. There are many religions in Singapore considering the fact that many ethnic groups exist. That is to say, there are many religions in Singapore as a result of their different beliefs. It is home to ten religions. Coming into Singapore, the first thing you will notice the diversity of its citizens.. Singapore is an uncommon but corporeal sample of a nation where people from different facets of life, live together, irrespective of their tribe or religion, without fear or favor. As a matter of fact freedom of worship is topm... ...ment/Government-Restrictions-Index-(GRI).aspx "Religion in Singapore." Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Web. 16 Nov. 2011. â€Å"Ethno-religious Conflicts." Dawodu.Com - Premier Site Dedicated to Nigeria's Socio-Political and Economic Issues since 1998. Web. 16 Nov. 2011. http://www.dawodu.com/adeyemi3.htm 8 http://app.www.sg/who/31/Pre-Colonial-History.aspx Asiaweb . n.d. 3 december 2011 . buddha dharma production. 1996. 16 november 2011 . Guruswamy, Rekha. live.com. n.d. 16 october 2011 . Pew forum. 17 2009 december. 17 november 2011 . Straits Times. 20 Janurary 2009. . Wikipedia. n.d. october 2011.

No Clear Answer Concerning the Decriminalization of Prostitution Essay

No Clear Answer Concerning the Decriminalization of Prostitution To decriminalize or not to decriminalize? That is the question people in the United States and other nations have been asking themselves for decades. Many countries, including Costa Rica, Italy, Norway, and Singapore, do legally sanction certain forms of prostitution, and some find it odd that a nation like the United States, which prides itself so heavily on the principle of individual liberty, would forbid any type of activity between two consenting adults. Nonetheless, countless Americans find the prospect of legal prostitution offensive to their ideals concerning traditional moralism, sex, or womanhood. While morality debates may rage on, it does seem rather strange that almost all state governments in the U.S. still prohibit what seems to be a harmless, victimless activity. The truth is, though, that prostitution is not as harmless or victimless as it seems. In fact, all too often the women involved in the trade are not even working out of their own free will. Aside from the brutal realities of forced prostitution, other problems lurk beneath the surface, as well; but could the harm associated with prostitution be alleviated through decriminalization? It is impossible to know for certain exactly what would happen were legal prostitution a reality, but in order to effectively evaluate the consequences of such a change, the potential dangers and benefits must be considered. First of all, with legality, prostitution would become safer for both the client and the prostitute. There could very easily be a government registration system through which prostitutes could get a license, the monthly or weekly renewal of which would require health check-ups. S... ...oral sphere, the answers are largely subjective and based on personal feelings rather than on the objective reality of the world. The fact remains that there are people who are willing to buy and sell sexual pleasure, and a better question to ask is, what is the best way of managing these transactions that will result in the least possible harm and the most possible benefit? While there is no clear answer, it is clear that the spread of sexually transmitted diseases and the perpetuation forced or abusive labor could be diminished significantly with the decriminalization of prostitution. If the government, however, is not willing to fight the greatest evils associated with the business--the trafficking and forced labor of women and girls--these problems would likely grow worse with legalization, thus making it better for the United States to keep its current policy. No Clear Answer Concerning the Decriminalization of Prostitution Essay No Clear Answer Concerning the Decriminalization of Prostitution To decriminalize or not to decriminalize? That is the question people in the United States and other nations have been asking themselves for decades. Many countries, including Costa Rica, Italy, Norway, and Singapore, do legally sanction certain forms of prostitution, and some find it odd that a nation like the United States, which prides itself so heavily on the principle of individual liberty, would forbid any type of activity between two consenting adults. Nonetheless, countless Americans find the prospect of legal prostitution offensive to their ideals concerning traditional moralism, sex, or womanhood. While morality debates may rage on, it does seem rather strange that almost all state governments in the U.S. still prohibit what seems to be a harmless, victimless activity. The truth is, though, that prostitution is not as harmless or victimless as it seems. In fact, all too often the women involved in the trade are not even working out of their own free will. Aside from the brutal realities of forced prostitution, other problems lurk beneath the surface, as well; but could the harm associated with prostitution be alleviated through decriminalization? It is impossible to know for certain exactly what would happen were legal prostitution a reality, but in order to effectively evaluate the consequences of such a change, the potential dangers and benefits must be considered. First of all, with legality, prostitution would become safer for both the client and the prostitute. There could very easily be a government registration system through which prostitutes could get a license, the monthly or weekly renewal of which would require health check-ups. S... ...oral sphere, the answers are largely subjective and based on personal feelings rather than on the objective reality of the world. The fact remains that there are people who are willing to buy and sell sexual pleasure, and a better question to ask is, what is the best way of managing these transactions that will result in the least possible harm and the most possible benefit? While there is no clear answer, it is clear that the spread of sexually transmitted diseases and the perpetuation forced or abusive labor could be diminished significantly with the decriminalization of prostitution. If the government, however, is not willing to fight the greatest evils associated with the business--the trafficking and forced labor of women and girls--these problems would likely grow worse with legalization, thus making it better for the United States to keep its current policy.

Race-Specific Schools in Ontario Essay

Throughout the years Ontario has become a very multicultural province, meaning all schools are multicultural. Recently the government of Ontario has thought about the idea of having schools that are race-specific. These schools would only be open for a specific race and base it on the abilities of that race. Could a school like this work in our multicultural society? There are many people today that would not agree with this decision for many reasons. Society believes that these schools will not prepare students for the real world; they are an old-fashion idea. The Canadian dream is to be multi-cultural but an inclusive place. This idea of race based schools is looked down upon in this society. People think that making schools for specific races will not prepare students when they enter the real world after finishing high school. Going to race-specific school students will only be taught about the culture, and history of their own country. Also, they will be taught about the history of their race in Canada, and what their people have done that has impacted our history. This is not right because they need to learn about what every race did that impacted our history. Since we are now living in a multicultural county. Zanana Akande, an Ontario Legislature speaks on black focussed schools and says â€Å"The situation in which we live, work and raise our kids is not a segregated one, it is an integrated one. † When these students finish high school they will be so use to dealing with people of their own kind, it will be difficult for them to interact with others. Therefore these schools will not prepare them for the future in for university/collage and in the workplace. In all these institutions people are of all races, and cultures, so they need to learn how to treat, and speak to these people. The idea of having race-specific schools is archaic. In a modern multi-cultural society this would be moving a step in the opposite direction. Ontario is trying to move up culturally, but this would just move the province back. In many institutions they have programs that speak against racism, and try to prove that everyone is equal, and is able bodied to intake the same amount of knowledge and information. Making these schools would bring back the racism into our country, and go against all these racism acts. This would bring us back into time, where racism was part of the norm. Students should be learning in an environment where they are surrounded by people of different race. Dalton Mcguinty speaks on black focused schools and says â€Å"I think our shared responsibility is to look for ways to bring people together. † (Toronto star). We should not be moving backwards, but rather move forward to a better system and society.

The Lateral Ligament Complex Health And Social Care Essay

Ankle hurts are a common and perennial job around the universe. International that figures report that mortise joint sprains which are fundamentally weight-bearing hurts represent 15-20 % of all featuring hurts, and about 10 % presentations to accident and exigency departments1. Harmonizing to Brookes et Al ( 1981 ) , the incidence of sidelong mortise joint sprains is about 1 per 10,000 people per twenty-four hours. It is commonly occurs in the athleticss participants due to have oning inappropriate places and walking or running on uneven surface. The major contributes to stableness of the mortise joint articulations are the congruousness of the articular surfaces when the articulations are loaded, the inactive ligaments restraints and the musculotendinous unit, which allow for dynamic stabilisation of the joint. The sidelong ligament composite of the mortise joint, described as the organic structure ‘s †most often injured individual construction † ( Garrick, 1977 ) , is automatically vulnerable to twist hurt. At extremes of plantarflexion and inversion, influenced by the shorter median facet of the mortise joint mortice, the comparatively weak anterior talofibular ligament ( ATFL ) and calcaneofibular ligament ( CFL ) are prone to changing classs of rupture, frequently via minimum force ( Hockenbury and Sammarco, 2001 ) . Ankle sprains can be classified harmonizing to the badness, the degree of hurt, the ligaments involved and clip continuance since the incidence of the injury3. As per the badness they are classified into class 1 ( ligaments non really torn ) , grade 2 ( Partially torn ) and grade 3 ( to the full torn ) . As per the degree of hurt, there are two types of mortise joint sprains ; the high and the low degree sprains4. Depending upon the ligaments involved Type 1 sprain involves partly torn anterior talofibular ligament ( ATFL ) , type 2 involves lacerate calcaneofibular ligament ( CFL ) and in type 3 there is rupturing of the anterior talofibular ligament ( ATFL ) and calcaneofibular ligament ( CFL ) . Harmonizing to the clip continuance there are three phases of mortise joint sprains. First or acute phase involves traumatic reaction instantly following the injury ; the first 24-48 hours. Second or stand in acute phase is from the 2nd twenty-four hours to 6 hebdomads and is the period of fix.third or chronic phase stopping points after 6 hebdomads to 2 months in which there is adherent cicatrix tissue. Immediate inflammatory processes produce acute antero sidelong hurting and hydrops, with turning away of motion and weight bearing ( Wolfe et al. , 2001 ) . Subsequent losingss of joint scope, peculiarly dorsiflexion, and musculus strength consequences in important gait disfunction. Limited dorsiflexion is common after sidelong mortise joint sprain and unequal rehabilitation of dorsiflexion scope of gesture is proposed to take to long term hurting and ankle instability. Acute mortise joint sprains holding marked decrease in dorsiflexion scope of gesture are often pain in full weight bearing and weight bearing techniques are non clinically indicated. The sub ague mortise joint sprain is characterized by important residuary shortages in dorsiflexion ( yong and vicenzino,2002 ) and the capacity to to the full weight bear. Early physical therapy intercession consists of remainder, ice, compaction, lift ( RICE ) and electrotherapy modes to command redness, every bit good as manipulative therapy and curative exercising techniques to turn to damages of motion and strength ( Wolfeet al. , 2001 ; Hockenbury and Sammarco, 2001 ) . Manipulative therapy intervention techniques studied have exhibited non- opiod hypoalgesia to mechanical but non thermic hurting stimulations ( vicenzino et Al.. , 1998 ) . Manual therapy therapy suggested that full physiological Range of gesture. For illustration, the full posterior saggital rotary motion of the talus necessary for dorsiflexion Range of gesture may non be possible when there is a restriction of posterior semivowel of the scree with regard to the ankle mortise. Treatment aimed to bettering posterior glide of the scree are hence thought the aid reconstruct dorsiflexion scope in the presence of limitation. Physiotherapist often use manipulative therapy techniques to mend disfunction and hurting ensuing from mortise joint sprains. Mulligan ‘s mobilisation with motion ( MWM ) intervention improve scope of gesture and allivate hurting. The Mulligan ‘s mobilisation with motion ( MWM ) intervention attack for dorsiflexion post-ankle sprain combines a comparative posteroanterior semivowel of the shinbone on scree with active dorsiflexion motions preferentially in weight bearing ( Mulligan, 1999 ) .Chance of rapid Restoration of unpainful motion are associated with Mulligan ‘s mobilisation with motion ( MWM ) techniques ( Mulligan,1993, 1999 ; Exelby, 1996 ) . Mulligan ‘s mobilisation with motion in weight bearing patients is more effectual than in non- weight bearing patients in intervention of mortise joint sprains. ( Natalie Collins, Pamela Teys, Bill Vicenzino 2002. )REVIEW OF LITERATUREANKLE SPRAIN:The sidelong ligament composite of the mortise joint, described as the organic structure ‘s †most often injured individual construction † ( Garrick, 1977 ) , is automatically vulnerable to twist hurt. At extremes of plantarflexion and inversion, influenced by the shorter median facet of the mortise joint mortice, the comparatively weak anterior talofibular Ligament ( ATFL ) and calcaneofibular ligament ( CFL ) are prone to changing classs of rupture, frequently via minimum force ( Hockenbury and Sammarco, 2001 ) . Ankle hurts are a common and perennial job around the universe. Ankle sprains can be classified harmonizing to the badness, the degree of hurt, the ligaments involved and clip continuance since the incidence of the hurt. As per the badness they are classified into class 1 ( ligaments non really torn ) , grade 2 ( partly torn ) and grade 3 ( to the full torn ) . As per the degree of hurt, there are two types of mortise joint sprains ; the high and the low degree sprains4. Depending upon the ligaments involved Type 1 sprain involves partly lacerate ATFL, type 2 involves lacerate ATFL and integral CFL and in type 3 there is rupturing of the ATFL and CFL. Immediate inflammatory processes produce acute anterolateral hurting and hydrops, with turning away of motion and weight bearing ( Wolfe et al. , 2001 ) . Subsequent losingss of joint scope, peculiarly dorsiflexion, and musculus strength consequences in important gait disfunction. Recent informations from research lab high spots the presence of a dorsiflexion shortage non merely in the ague phase, but besides in the subacute phase ( Yang and Vicenzino, 2002 ) . Limited dorsiflexion scope of gesture ( ROM ) is common after sidelong mortise joint sprain and should be addressed during rehabilitation ( Denegar CR et Al 2002 ) . Inadquate rehabilitation of dorsiflexion scope of gesture is proposed to take to long – term hurting and mortise joint instability ( Hertel J et Al 2000 ) . An inordinate anterior supplanting of the scree is believed to happen during plantarflexioninversion hurt and persist with residuary laxness of the anterior talofibular ligament ( ATFL ) ( mulligan,1999 ) . Early physical therapy intercession consists of remainder, ice, compaction, lift ( RICE ) and electrotherapy modes to command redness, every bit good as manipulative therapy and curative exercising techniques to turn to damages of motion and strength. Brad gilden: Ezine et Al ( 1998 ) stated that most common mechanism of hurt in mortise joint sprain is an inversion hurting that occurs when ankle turn inward and the organic structure ‘s weights compressers the mortise joint conveying the sidelong malleolus near to the floor. Brantingham et Al ( 2001 ) stated that terrible sprain ligaments tear wholly doing swelling and sometimes shed blooding under tegument. As a consequence, the mortise joint is unable to bear weight. Green denegar et Al ( 2001 ) suggested that limitation of the ankle scope of gesture may be following sidelong mortise joints sprain ensuing in the restriction of dorsiflexion scope of gesture. Jey Hertal, Denegar et Al. , ( 2002 ) stated that sidelong mortise joint instability occurs that refers to the being of an unstable mortise joint due to sidelong ligamentous harm caused by inordinate supination or inversion of the rear pes. Gillman DC, Orteza et Al ( 2006 ) stated that ‘ when the pes is distorted outwards, the sprained mortise joint is called an eversion hurt, when this occur, the interior ligament called the deltoid ligament, is stretched excessively far ‘ . Jane kavanagh et Al ( 2006 ) stated that Irish burgoo ‘s mobilisation with motion positional mistakes and hurting alleviation in betterment of inferior tibio fibular articulation in mortise joint sprain.MULLIGAN ‘S MOBILISATION WITH MOVEMENT:Techniques known as Irish burgoo ‘s mobilisation with motion ( MWM ) have been proposed as fresh manual therapy techniques to better joint scope of gesture ( ROM ) by uniting physiological and accessary articulation motions. Although Irish burgoo ‘s mobilisation with motion techniques are a comparatively new intervention approach their usage in rehabilitation of patients after sidelong mortise joint sprain in going progressively common. Manual therapy theory suggests that full physiological scope of gesture ( ROM ) can non happen when restriction in accessary joint gestures exist ( Maitland GD et Al 1983 ) . For illustration, the full posterior sagittal rotary motion of the talus necessary for dorsiflexion scope of gesture ( ROM ) may non be possible when there is a restriction to posterior semivowel of the scree with regard to the ankle mortice. Treatments aimed at bettering posterior glide of the scree are hence thought to assist reconstruct dorsiflexion scope in the presence of limitation. An inordinate anterior supplanting of the scree is believed to happen during plantarflexioninversion hurt and persist with residuary laxness of the anterior talofibular ligament ( ATFL ) ( mulligan,1999 ) . Denegar et Al, ( 2002 ) reported increased ATFL laxness and restricted posterior talar semivowel in 12 athelets who had sustained an mortise joint sprain 6 months earlier and had since returned to feature. The clinical principle given for the anteroposteiror glide constituent of the weight bearing dorsiflexion Irish burgoo ‘s mobilisation with motion technique is to cut down any residuary anterior supplanting of the scree ( mulligan,1999 ) , mulligan ( 1993-1999 ) proposed that rectification of the restricted posterior semivowel, via repeats of dorsiflexion with a sustained anteroposteior talar mobilisation ( automatically similar to posteroanterior tibial semivowel on scree ) , restores the normal articulation kinematics even after release of the semivowel. Acute mortise joint sprain showed pronounced decrease in dorsiflexion scope of gesture and are often painful in full weight bearing. Therefore weightbearing techniques are non clinically indicated. The sub ague mortise joint sprain is characterized by important residuary shortages in dorsiflexion ( yang and vicenzino, 2002 ) and the capacity to to the full weight bear, doing it a good theoretical account on which to analyze the initial effects of weight bearing Irish burgoo ‘s mobilisation with motion on dorsiflexion. The dorsiflexion Irish burgoo ‘s mobilisation with motion mechanism of action hence appears to be mechanical, and non straight via alterations in the hurting system. Mulligan ‘s et Al ( 1991 ) stated that Irish burgoo ‘s mobilisation with motion technique, aimed to cut down restricted painful motion and reconstruct hurting free and full scope of gesture. Mulligan ; s B.R et Al ( 1993 ) stated that the purpose of motion with mobilisation is to reconstruct normal scope of gesture and decreased hurting by rectifying positional mistakes. Eiff Mp, Smith AT, Smith GE, et al 1994 ) suggested that in first clip sidelong mortise joint sprains, although the both immobilisation and early mobilisation prevent late residuary symptoms and ankle instability, early mobilisation allows earlier return to work and may be more comfy for patients. Hertling and Kessler et Al ( 1996 ; 1997 ) stated that Irish burgoo ‘s mobilisation is used to reconstruct restricted the scope of gesture in chronic mortise joint sprain. Brad Gilden ; Ezine et Al ( 1997 ) stated that manual therapy technique will be used to normal joint mechanics and to keep the proper musculus firing pattern necessary for stableness. Green et Al ( 1997 ) reported that more rapid Restoration of dorsiflexion scope of gesture and standardization of the pace in patients treated with posterior talar mobilisation following sidelong ankle sprain. Denegar and miller et Al ( 2002 ) stated that lading and emphasis to these ligaments with early return to full weight bearing may compromise the healing procedure and do the ligaments to ligaments to mend in a elongated province. Green T, Refshauge K, croshie J Adams R et Al ( 2001 ) stated that add-on of a talocrural mobilisation to the RICE protocol in the direction of ankle inversion hurts helps to accomplish hurting free dorsiflexion and better the pace velocity. Brian Irish burgoo ‘s et Al ( 2001 ) stated that construct of mobilisations with motion ( MWM ‘S ) in appendages and sustained natural apophyseal semivowels ( SNAGS ) rating with the coincident application of both therapist applied accoutrement and patient generalized active physiological motions. Denegar ( R ) , Hertel-J, Fonseca-J ; et Al ( 2002 ) stated that dorsiflexion scope of gesture was restored in the population of restricted posterior semivowel of the talocrural articulation. Craige R, Denegar PT, et Al, ( 2003 ) suggested that betterment of dorsiflexion scope of gesture and Restoration of the physiological scope of gesture and residuary articulation disfunction was noticed after joint mobilisation. Collins et Al ( 2004 ) stated that subsequent loss of joint scope of gesture peculiarly dorsiflexion and musculus strength consequences in important gait disfunction. Natalie Collins, Pamela teys, et Al ( 2004 ) conducted a survey to happen out the initial effects of Irish burgoo ‘s mobilisation with motion technique on dorsiflexion and hurting in subacute class II mortise joint sprains. During intervention status the dorsiflexion weight bearing mobilisation with motion technique was performed on diagnostic talocrural articulation. Weight bearing dorsiflexion was measured by articulatio genus to palisade rule. Pain was measured via force per unit area and thermic hurting threshold by utilizing force per unit area algometry and thermotest system. They concluded that mobilisation with motion intervention for ankle dorsiflexion has a mechanical instead than hypoalgesic consequence in subacute class II mortise joint sprains. Mulligan ‘s dorsiflexion mobilisation with motion technique significantly increases talocrural dorsiflexion ab initio after application in subacute mortise joint sprains. Whitman.JM, Child, Walker et Al, ( 2005 ) stated that accessary joint gesture were restored and were correlated with immediate betterments in scope of gesture, pace mechanism and decreased hurting after mobilisation and manipulative intercessions. Vicenzino.B. Branjerdporn.M. Teys et Al ( 2006 ) stated that due to the success of mobilisation with motion, it was recommended as portion of a through intervention program for ankle sprain. Vicenzino et Al ( 2006 ) stated that initial consequence of a Irish burgoo ‘s mobilisation with motion technique on scope of gesture and force per unit area hurting threshold in hurting limited mortise joint. Branjerdporn M, Teys P, Jordan k et Al ( 2006 ) suggested that mobilisation with motion technique should be considered in rehabilitation plans following sidelong ankle sprain. Andrea Reid, Trevor, Greg Alcock et Al ( 2007 ) stated that a talocrural mobilisation with motion in weight bearing place significantly increases weight bearing dorsiflexion instantly following intervention in patients with reduced dorsiflexion due to sidelong mortise joint sprain. Dorsiflexion was assessed weight bearing lurch trial. Paungamalis.A and Teys et Al ( 2007 ) stated that Irish burgoo ‘s mobilisation with motion helps to better scope of gesture and degrees of hurting are non to the full understood. But mobilisation with motion appears to rectify positional mistakes which have occurred as a consequence of hurt. Several surveies have shown mobilisation with motion has a positive consequence on scope of gesture ( peculiarly dorsiflexion ) Andrea Reid, Trevor B, Birminghan, and Greg Alcock et Al ( 2007 ) suggested that a talocrural mobilisation with motion improves ankle dorsiflexion instantly following intervention. R, Jones ; J Carter: P moorie and A, Wills et Al ( 2008 ) stated that acceptable inter perceiver and intra perceiver dependability for usage of weight bearing ankle dorsiflexion appraisal tool step weight bearing dorsiflexion lurch scope of gesture. Akre Ambarish A, Jeba Chitra, khatri subhash et Al ( 2008 ) compared the effectivity was of mobilisation with motion in weight bearing and non-weight bearing place in intervention of sidelong mortise joint sprain. 30 patients were indiscriminately allotted to 2 groups. Outcome steps such as hurting and scope of gesture and pes and ankle disablement index were used. Consequences showed that mobilisation with motion in weight bearing place was more effectual than non-weight bearing place in the intervention of mortise joint sprains. Willam G. Hamilton M D et Al ( 2008 ) Thus survey stated that terpsichoreans frequently have unusual troubles related to the altered kinesiology required by their single dance signifier peculiarly in the posing of overuse hurt. Venturini C, PENEDO MM, Peixoto GH, Ferriea ML, et Al, October ; ( 2007 ) Stated that applied force was able to increase dorsiflexion scope of gesture ( ROM ) after the Maitland class III antero posterior mobilisation of the scree. Hertting and Kessler ( 1996-97 ) stated that Irish burgoo ‘s mobilisation technique be used to reconstruct restricted scope of gesture in mortise joint sprain. Jay Hertal, Denegar et Al ( 2002 ) stated that sidelong mortise joint instability occurs that refers to the existenseof an unstable mortise joint due to sidelong ligamentous harm caused by inordinate supination or inversion of the rear pes.The Mulligan ConceptPrinciples of Treatment: In the application of manual therapy techniques, Specific to the application of Irish burgoo ‘s mobilisation with motion ( MWM ) and SNAGS in clinical pattern, the undermentioned basic rules have been developed: 1 ) During appraisal the healer will place one or more comparable marks as described by Maitland. These marks may be a loss of joint motion, hurting associated with motion, or hurting associated with specific functional activities ( i.e. , sidelong cubitus hurting with resisted carpus extension, inauspicious nervous tenseness ) . 2 ) A inactive accoutrement joint mobilisation is applied following the rules of Kaltenborn ( i.e. , parallel or perpendicular to the joint plane ) . This accessary semivowel must itself be pain free. 3 ) The healer must continuously supervise the patient ‘s reaction to guarantee no hurting is recreated. The healer investigates assorted combinations of analogue or perpendicular semivowels to happen the right intervention plane and class of motion. 4 ) While prolonging the accoutrement semivowel, the patient is requested to execute the comparable mark. The comparable mark should now be significantly improved ( i.e. , increased scope of gesture, and a significantly decreased or better yet, absence of the original hurting ) . 5 ) Failure to better the comparable mark would bespeak that the healer has non found the right contact point, intervention plane, class or way of mobilisation, spinal section or that the technique is non indicated. 6 ) The antecedently restricted and/or painful gesture or activity is repeated by the patient while the healer continues to keep the appropriate accoutrement semivowel. Further additions are expected with repeat during a intervention session typically affecting three sets of 10 repeats. 7 ) Further additions may be realized through the application of inactive overpressure at the terminal of available scope. It is expected that this overpressure is once more, unpainful. Self-treatment is frequently possible utilizing Irish burgoo ‘s mobilisation with motion ( MWM ) principles with adhesive tape and/or the patient supplying the glide constituent of the Irish burgoo ‘s mobilisation with motion ( MWM ) and the patient ‘s ain attempts to bring forth the active motion. Pain is ever the usher. Successful Irish burgoo ‘s mobilisation with motion ( MWM ) and Snags techniques should render the comparable mark painless while significantly bettering map during the application of the technique. Sustained betterments are necessary to warrant on-going intercession. †DISCUSSTIONThis survey was conducted to happen out the consequence of Irish burgoo ‘s mobilisation with motion technique in bettering dorsiflexion patients with sub ague mortise joint sprain. Fiften patients with sub ague mortise joint sprains who fulfilled inclusive and sole standards were selected by purposive sampling and assigned into individual group. patients were treated with Irish burgoo ‘s mobilisation with motion ( MWM ) in weight bearing place for the continuance of 10 yearss. Statistical analysis was done by utilizing mated ‘t ‘ trial. Consequences showed that there was significance consequence of Mulligan ‘s mobilisation with motion technique in weight bearing place in bettering weight bearing dorsiflexion scope of gesture in sub ague mortise joint sprain. Application of the dorsiflexion Irish burgoo ‘s mobilisation with motion technique ( MWM ) to patients with subacute sidelong ligament mortise joint sprains produced a important immediate betterment in weight bearing dorsiflexion. Immediate inflammatory processes produce acute anterolateral hurting and hydrops, with turning away of motion and weight bearing ( Wolfe et al. , 2001 ) . Subsequent losingss of joint scope, peculiarly dorsiflexion, and musculus strength consequences in important gait disfunction. Recent informations from research lab high spots the presence of a dorsiflexion shortage non merely in the ague phase, but besides in the subacute phase ( Yang and Vicenzino, 2002 ) . Limited dorsifletion scope of gesture ( ROM ) is common after sidelong mortise joint sprain and should be addressed during rehabilitation ( Denegar CR et Al 2002 ) . Inadquate rehabilitation of dorsiflexion scope of gesture is proposed to take to long – term hurting and mortise joint instability ( Hertel J et Al 2000 ) . Early physical therapy intercession consists of remainder, ice, compaction, lift ( RICE ) and electrotherapy modes to command redness, every bit good as manipulative therapy and curative exercising techniques to turn to damages of motion and strength. Acute mortise joint sprain showed pronounced decrease in dorsiflexion scope of gesture and are often painful in full weight bearing. Therefore weightbearing techniques are non clinically indicated. The sub ague mortise joint sprain is characterized by important residuary shortages in dorsiflexion ( yang and vicenzino, 2002 ) and the capacity to to the full weight bear, doing it a good theoretical account on which to analyze the initial effects of weight bearing Irish burgoo ‘s mobilisation with motion on dorsiflexion Mulligan ( 1993-1999 ) proposed that rectification of the restricted posterior semivowel, via repeats of dorsiflexion with a sustained anteroposteior talar mobilisation ( automatically similar to posteroanterior tibial semivowel on scree ) , restores the normal articulation kinematics even after release of the semivowel. The dorsiflexion Irish burgoo ‘s mobilisation with motion mechanism of action hence appears to be mechanical, and non straight via alterations in the hurting system. Paired ‘t ‘ trial concluded that there was important betterment in weight bearing dorsiflexion in Mulligan ‘s mobilisation with motion technique in weight bearing place in patient ‘s with sub ague mortise joint sprains, which was supplied by surveies as follows, Akre Ambarish A, Jeba Chitra, khatri subhash et Al ( 2008 ) compared the effectivity was of mobilisation with motion in weight bearing and non-weight bearing place in intervention of sidelong mortise joint sprain. 30 patients were indiscriminately allotted to 2 groups. Outcome steps such as hurting and scope of gesture and pes and ankle disablement index were used. Consequences showed that mobilisation with motion in weight bearing place was more effectual than non-weight bearing place in the intervention of mortise joint sprains Natalie Collins, Pamela teys, et Al ( 2004 ) conducted a survey to happen out the initial effects of Irish burgoo ‘s mobilisation with motion technique on dorsiflexion and hurting in subacute class II mortise joint sprains. During intervention status the dorsiflexion weight bearing mobilisation with motion technique was performed on diagnostic talocrural articulation. Weight bearing dorsiflexion was measured by articulatio genus to palisade rule. Pain was measured via force per unit area and thermic hurting threshold by utilizing force per unit area algometry and thermotest system. They concluded that mobilisation with motion intervention for ankle dorsiflexion has a mechanical instead than hypoalgesic consequence in subacute class II mortise joint sprains. Mulligan ‘s dorsiflexion mobilisation with motion technique significantly increases talocrural dorsiflexion ab initio after application in subacute mortise joint sprains. Brian Irish burgoo ‘s et Al ( 2001 ) stated that construct of mobilisations with motion ( MWM ‘S ) in appendages and sustained natural apophyseal semivowels ( SNAGS ) rating with the coincident application of both therapist applied accoutrement and patient generalized active physiological motions. Green et Al ( 1997 ) reported that more rapid Restoration of dorsiflexion scope of gesture and standardization of the pace in patients treated with posterior talar mobilisation following sidelong ankle sprain. Following subacut mortise joint sprains, there was increased ATF ligament laxness and restricted posterior talar semivowel which consequences in lessening in dorsiflexion scope of gesture. Subacute mortise joint sprain has capacity to to the full weight bear so that it was advised to execute Irish burgoo ‘s mobilization with motion in weight bearing place. Dorsiflexion was improved by mechanical effects gained through accessary anterioposterior motion of scree along with physiological dorsiflexion motion of talocrural articulation in patients with subacute mortise joint sprains. Therefore the survey concluded that Irish burgoo ‘s mobilisation with motion technique was effectual in bettering dorsiflexion patients with sub ague mortise joint sprain.